????? ?? ????? ?????????

????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ??????????? (haemophilia) -???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???????- ????? ??????.

???? ?? ?????? ????: ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????

??? ?? ???? ????
???? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ????? “?? ????????” (The Independent) ?????????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? “????????????” (haemocyanin).

????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????
????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? 55%? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????????.

?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? (????? 40%)? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? 1%? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??????.

???? 8 ????? ?? ????
???? 4 ??????? ?? ??????? ??: “???” (A)? ?”??” (B)? ?”??” (O)? ?”??? ??” (AB)? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? “+” ?? ????? “-“? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????????.

?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????
????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????????.

???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????
?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? “??”? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? “??” ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? “???”.

????? ?????? ???? 470 ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?????
??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? 470 ???????? ??? ?? ????? ????? 8% ?? ??? ?? ????? ??????.

?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? 48 ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? 12 ??????? ??????? ?? 16 ??????.

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?? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????.

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???? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? 0.2 ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ?? ???? ????? ?????.

?? ?? ??? ????????????
???? ?? 17 ?????/????? ?? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????.

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?????? ????? ??????????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??.