????? ?? ????? ?????????

????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????.

??? ??? ??????? ????????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? “?????” ?? ??????” Bhopal? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ???” (???????: 1728?)? ??? 1723?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? (18) ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? 1727?.

???? “?????” ??? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ????? (107) ????? ?? ????? 1819 ??? ????? 1926?? ???  ??????  ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????  ??? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? “?????”? ??? ???? ?????? “?????? ???? ???” Shaharyar M. Khan  ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ” ????? ?????: ????? ????? ????? ????????” The Begums of Bhopal: A History of the Princely State of Bhopal? ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ???????.

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???? “????? ?????”[1] Qudsia Begum ??? 1801?? ???? ??????  “??? ???? ???”? ?????? ?? ???? “?????” “???? ???? ???” ??? 1817?? ?????? ??? ??????? “???????”? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? 1819? ??? ???? “?????” ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? “?????” ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ???????? ??? “?????” ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? 1837 ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? 1837? ?????? ??? 1881?.

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???? “???????” Sikandar ??? “?????” ??? 1837?? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? 1837? ??? 1844?? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ??? 1860 ??? ????? ??? 1868?.

??? ????? “???????” ???? ??? ?????? ????????” ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? 1844?? ?????? ??????????? ?? ???? ????? ??? 1857? ????????? ??”???? ?????” Meerut rebellion ? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??? Jahangir ????? ????????? ??? 1835?? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? 1861  ???? ???? ????? Knight Grand Commander

??? ??? “???????” ????? ???? ??? 1863? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? 1870?[2]?  ????? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??????.

???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????? ????? “????????” ?????? ?????? the Victoria School for girls? ?????? ?????? (51) ????.

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???????? Shah Jahan: ???? ??? 1838?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ??? 1844? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? 1860 ?? ???? ???? “????????” ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? 1868.

???? “????????” ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? “???? ???? ??? ???????”? ?? ???? 1871?? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? “???? ??????”? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? “???? ????????”? ???? ???? ????????? ????????? ??? ?? ????????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ??????????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ??????????? ??? “????????” ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????.

????? “????????” ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ????? (49) ????? ??? ????? 1889 ????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? 1901? ?????? (62) ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????.

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????? ????? Sultan Jahan: ???? ??? 1858?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? 1901? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ??? ????? 1918? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? 1904?? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????  ??? ???????? “???? ??????” ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? 1914 ? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? 1926?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? “???? ???”? ?????? ?? 12 ???? 1930?  ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????.

[1] ???? –????-???? “???? ?????” Gohar Begum? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? “????? ?????” ???? ???? ???? ?????????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?????????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? 1765?? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????????.

[2] ????? ?????? ????: “”?? ???????: ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???” “A Princess’s Pilgrimage: Nawab Sikandar Begum’s A Pilgrimage to Mecca