????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? 1995? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ????.
???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ???? ????????? ?????? ??? - ????? - ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ????? ??????.
??????? ?????????: ??????? ?????? ?????????? ????????
????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???????????? ????????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? 1389? ????? 450 ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????.
???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? "????????".
???? ?????? ???????????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????????? ?????????
????? ????? ???????? (1463-1878)? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????? 1839-1856 ??? ????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????.
??? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? (1878-1918) ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ????????? ??? ????????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ?????????? ?????????? (1945-1990)? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???????.
???????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???????
??????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? (???????? ?????? ????????)? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? (44%) ?????? (31%) ???????? (17%)? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ????????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????.
?????????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ????????? ????????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? 2013? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ????.
???? ????? ?? ???????
????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? 4.4 ????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ?????????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? 1463 ??????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????.
?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? 1878 ????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????: ???????????? ????????? ???????
????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ???? "??????? ??????? ???? ????? ????????"? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??? 1660?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? ????? "????? ??? 600 ?? ????? 17000 ????? 77 ???? ? 100 ????? ?????? ?? ???????? 180 ???? ?????? ??????? 47 ????? 300 ????? 700 ???? 5 ??????? 3 ????????? (??? ????????? ????????)? 23 ???? 1080 ????? ???????? 7 ???? ??? ??? "?????????"? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????".
?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? 1878 ????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????: ???????????? ????????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ???? ???????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? 150 ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? 1878 ??? ??? 1918.
??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?. ?. ????????? ???? ???? ?? ????????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? "??? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ????????"? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????????.
??? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????: ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??????????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? 1881 ???? ???????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????.
??? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??? 1946 ?? ???? ?????????? ??????????.
?? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? 1882? ????? "??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???????" ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????.
??????? ??? 1940
???????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????.
???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ?? ??? 1947 ??? ??? 1950? ??? ???? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? - ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? - ???? ?????.
?????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? 1950? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????.
??????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? 1968 ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ????????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ????????.
???? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ????????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ????????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ????????? ????????.
??? ?????
??? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ??????????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????????.
???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? 1992 ?1995 ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ?? 83? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ????????? ??? ???????? ????? 832 ??????? ? 125 ????? ????????? ?65 ????? ?????????.
???? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? 1995? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ???: ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???????.
???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? 1976 ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????????.
????? ??????
???? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?????????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ???????.
???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?? ????????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ????????? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ???????? ????????: ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? (93?) ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ????????? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ???????.
???????? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? (16?) ?? ???? (14?) ?? ?????. ?? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ????? (52?) ???????? (77?) ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ?????.
???? ???? ???????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???? 2013 ??? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?????.
?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????????????? ???????? ????? ?? ?? ????? "????? ???????: ?????? ????????????? ????? ???????" ?? ???? ???? ?? ????????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? "????" ???????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? -??? ?? ????-.
???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ????????? ??? ????????? ??? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????.
???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????????? ????? ?? "?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??? ??? ????". ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???????? ? "??????" ?? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???????.
